Telecommunication machines and apparatus; personal digital assistants; smartphones; electric or magnetic meters and testers; batteries and cells; solar batteries; electronic machines and apparatus namely testing apparatus and devices, monitoring apparatus and devices, computer hardware, data processing apparatus and devices, data analysis apparatus and devices, electronic switching apparatus; data processing devices; computers; computer programs; computer software; rollers as parts of printer, facsimile or copy machine, including transfer roller, toner supply roller and development roller; measuring or testing machines and instruments; tire pressure measuring devices for vehicles with alarm functions; pressure gauges in vehicle tires; tire pressure gauges; gasoline gauges; rubber testing machines; photographic machines and apparatus; cinematographic machines and apparatus; optical machines and apparatus; cameras; dust masks; electronic circuits and CD-ROMs recorded with programs for hand-held games with liquid crystal display; downloadable music files; downloadable image files; electronic publications; batteries, electric; batteries, electric, for vehicles; sunglasses; battery chargers for mobile phones; fire hoses; computer software for monitoring, analyzing mobility and driving data and predicting status of tires; computer software for detecting defects in tires; checking (supervision) apparatus and instruments; holders for hand-held computers; satellite and radio transmitter and receiver apparatus; signaling apparatus and instruments; software for operating electronic digital dictionaries; radio transmitters and receivers; satellite transceivers [transmitters and receivers]; GPS transmitters and receivers; audio and video receivers; cellular phones; routers; computer network servers; computer software for communication network access; in-vehicle communication apparatus with telematics functions; navigation apparatus for vehicles [with telematics functions]; barcode scanners; two-dimensional code scanners; apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity; electronic control devices for artificial limbs; sensors for artificial limbs and measuring devices for artificial limbs; computer equipment and programs [software] for measuring, determining and/or analyzing muscle activity; data communication equipment and devices for controlling artificial limbs; laboratory apparatus and instruments; power distribution or control machines and apparatus; rotary converters; phase modifiers; surveying apparatus and instruments; computer hardware and software for use with satellite and/or GPS navigation systems for navigation purposes; computer software for operating satellite navigational systems and global positioning systems [GPS], and for use of global positioning systems [GPS] for tracking, locating and security of vehicles and objects; computer software for use with route planners, electronic maps and digital dictionaries for navigation purposes; computer terminals, all in particular for the use of navigation systems, route planners, and/or digital maps; downloadable electronic maps; global positioning systems [GPS] consisting of computers, computer software, transmitters, receivers, and network devices; location, orientation and navigation, and global positioning systems [GPS] consisting of computers, computer software, transmitters, global positioning system [GPS] receivers and/or satellite receivers; personal digital assistants consisting of data transceivers, wireless networks and gateways for collection and management of data; navigation apparatus for vehicles in the nature of on-board computers; route planners in the form of hand-held personal computers (hand-held computers); satellite navigational systems, namely global positioning systems [GPS]; software for information management for the transport and traffic sector; software for management and maintenance of groups of vehicles; software for operating route planners; software for travel information systems for providing or displaying travel advice on petrol stations, car parks, restaurants, car dealers and other travel and transport-related information; software for viewing electronic maps; software to indicate maintenance requirements and maintenance scheduling for vehicles; apparatus comprised of antennas and radio transmitters to be placed in vehicles for locating, tracking and preventing theft of the vehicles; vehicle tracking, locating, and monitoring systems programmed to use global positioning systems [GPS] and cellular telecommunications; computer software for managing electronic databases relating to tires, vehicle parts, vehicles and groups of vehicles; electronic publications relating to tires, vehicle parts, vehicles and groups of vehicles; reports relating to tires, vehicle parts, vehicles and groups of vehicles [electronic publications]; telecommunication machines and apparatus for photographing, measuring and transmitting tire wear state; telecommunication machines and apparatus for checking and transmitting tire wear state; telecommunication machines and apparatus for transmitting information on conditions of road surfaces and bridge joints obtained by sensors mounted to tires; telecommunication machines and apparatus for detecting and transmitting running information of vehicles or tires; telecommunication machines and apparatus for measuring and transmitting tire deflection, pressure and temperature; electronic sensors for tires, vehicles and vehicle parts; software for use in relation to subscription services provided in relation to tires and vehicle parts; software for use in relation to the replacement, repair, inspection, installation, monitoring, management, maintenance, ordering or purchase of tires, vehicle parts and vehicles; software used in relation to tires, vehicle parts, vehicles and groups of vehicles; downloadable software applications for use in monitoring and tracking tires and tire data; computer software in the field of fleet management services; computer software for use in managing, tracking, and optimizing fleet operation costs and productivity based on commercial fleet tire data; computer software for use in monitoring tracking and reporting tire treadwear data, and predicting potential risky driving conditions for tires and allow vehicles to react to such conditions to prevent accident; downloadable software applications for analyzing treadwear of tires based on pictures; accident preventing systems primarily comprising sensors, operating computer software and computer hardware for measuring and transmitting tire treadwear data; tire treadwear detecting systems primarily comprising treadwear detecting sensors, low tire pressure automatic indicators, electric sensors, signal transmitters, signal receivers, and electronic display interfaces; computer software for reporting the performance and condition of tires in retreading tires; computer software for tire retread dealers to track, photograph, and provide receipts for retreaded tires; computer software for tracking inventory of retread tires; computer software for information tracking and reporting functions in the retread tire business in the field of customer relationship management, supply chain management, human services, and financial applications, all designed to help businesses in the retread, commercial, retail and wholesale tire industry; tire pressure monitoring devices; tire pressure and temperature monitoring and measuring machines and instruments; electronic machines and apparatus for measuring, monitoring and transmitting tire pressure and temperature; electronic machines and apparatus for technological and scientific use comprising sensors, antennas, GPS antennas, transmitters, receivers and computer software; computer software for vehicle drive information, vehicle kinetic information and tire pressure information; terminal devices for collecting information which have saving data measured by remote monitoring and transmitting saved data on demand functions; data transmitting devices for telecommunication; computer software for monitoring and managing pressure in tires; tire pressure management and monitoring systems comprising sensors, operating computer software, and computer hardware; tire pressure sensors; electronic machines and apparatus for measuring, monitoring and transmitting tire pressure and tire temperature comprising sensors, antennas, transmitters, receivers, displays, personal digital assistants, mobile telecommunication terminals and computer software; software applications for use in monitoring, tracking, and reporting tire pressure and temperature; tire pressure management and monitoring systems primarily comprising sensors, operating computer software and computer hardware for measuring and transmitting tire deflection and pressure data; tire pressure or temperature monitoring systems primarily comprising computer software for monitoring tire pressure and temperature, low tire pressure automatic indicators, tire pressure gauges, electric sensors, tire pressure sensors or temperature sensors, signal transmitters, signal receivers, and electronic display interfaces.

Automobiles and their parts and fittings; vehicle tires; tires for passenger cars; tires for trucks; tires for buses; tires for racing cars; tires for automobiles; retreaded tires for passenger cars; retreaded tires for trucks; retreaded tires for buses; retreaded tires for racing cars; retreaded tires; retreaded tires for automobiles; inner tubes for passenger cars; inner tubes for trucks; inner tubes for buses; inner tubes for racing cars; inner tubes for automobiles; wheels and rims for passenger cars; wheels and rims for trucks; wheels and rims for buses; wheels and rims for racing cars; wheels and rims for automobiles; two-wheeled motor vehicles and their parts and fittings; tires for two-wheeled motor vehicles; inner tubes for two-wheeled motor vehicles; wheels and rims for two-wheeled motor vehicles; bicycles and their parts and fittings; tires for bicycles; inner tubes for bicycles; wheels and rims for bicycles; aircraft and their parts and fittings; tires and inner tubes for aircraft; adhesive rubber patches for repairing tubes or tires; tread rubber for retreading tires for vehicles; tread rubber for retreading tires for passenger cars; tread rubber for retreading tires for trucks; tread rubber for retreading tires for buses; tread rubber for retreading tires for racing cars; tread rubber for retreading tires for automobiles; tread rubber for retreading tires for two-wheeled motor vehicles; tread rubber for retreading tires for bicycles; tread rubber for retreading tires for aircraft; treads used to retread tires for tires of automobiles, two-wheeled motor vehicles, bicycles and aircraft; preformed tire treads for tires of automobiles, two-wheeled motor vehicles, bicycles and aircraft; rubber patches for repairing treads for tires of automobiles, two-wheeled motor vehicles, bicycles and aircraft; mechanical elements for land vehicles; shaft couplings or connectors, machine elements for land vehicles; vessels and their parts and fittings; vehicle bumpers; suspension shock absorbers for vehicles; suspension springs for vehicles; tires for off-the-road automobiles, two-wheeled motor vehicles and bicycles; off-the-road vehicles and their parts and fittings; off-the-road two-wheeled motor vehicles and bicycles and their parts and fittings; tires for tractors; tires for agricultural vehicles; tires for container handling vehicles; rubber tracks for use with crawlers on snowmobiles; rubber tracks for use with crawlers on all terrain vehicles; rubber tracks for use with crawlers on automobiles; tires for lunar rovers; tires for scrapers; tires for motor graders; tires for shovel loaders; tires for tire rollers; tires for wheeled cranes; tires for cranes; tires for snow plows; tires for pavers; tires for mining machinery; tires for agricultural machinery; cigar lighters for automobiles.

Gaskets of metal; valves of rubber or vulcanized fiber, not including machine elements; flexible tubes, not of metal; junctions for pipes, not of metal; gaskets; joint packings; floating anti-pollution barriers; packaging containers of rubber; hydraulic hoses, not of metal (not included in other classes); plastic substances, semi-processed; plastic sheets; plastic film, not for wrapping; flexible pipes and tubes of plastic; flexible rubber tubes; rubber; synthetic rubber; natural rubber; rubber solutions; raw or partly processed rubber; rubber material for retreading and repairing tires; rubber material for repairing tubes; rubber material for recapping tires; seals; thermal insulating materials for building or construction made of ceramic, rubber, synthetic resin, plastic, foamed plastic, plaster, pulp, concrete, wood, glass fiber, mineral fiber, chemical fiber, mineral wool or carbon fiber; soundproofing materials for building or construction made of ceramic, rubber, synthetic resin, plastic, foamed plastic, plaster, pulp, concrete, wood, glass fiber, mineral fiber, chemical fiber, mineral wool or carbon fiber; rubber, unprocessed or semi-processed, namely rubber buffers, rubber dock fenders, rubber for repairing the surface of tires and cushions, rubber tubes and pipes, rubber hoses, rubber valves, buffers of rubber (shock-absorbing), rubber sheets, rubber sheets for insulating, rubber sheets for sealing, noise suppression strips [rubber], heat-shrinkable rubber tubes, rubber covering (not for building); synthetic rubber, unprocessed or semi-processed, namely rubber buffers, rubber dock fenders, rubber for repairing the surface of tires and cushions, rubber tubes and pipes, rubber hoses, rubber valves, buffers of rubber (shock-absorbing), rubber sheets, rubber sheets for insulating, rubber sheets for sealing, noise suppression strips [rubber], heat-shrinkable rubber tubes, rubber coverings (not for building); hybrid materials of natural and artificial rubber (not for building), hybrid materials of resin and rubber (not for building), unprocessed or semi-processed, namely rubber buffers, rubber dock fenders, rubber for repairing the surface of tires and cushions, rubber tubes and pipes, rubber hoses, rubber valves, buffers of rubber (shock-absorbing), rubber sheets, rubber sheets for insulating, rubber sheets for sealing, noise suppression strips [rubber], heat-shrinkable rubber tubes, rubber coverings (not for building); insulation materials; semi-processed resins; polymer films for use in manufacture; semi-processed thermoplastic polymer resins for use in manufacture; polymer resins in the form of sheets for use in manufacture; electrical insulating materials for building or construction made of synthetic rubber; building or construction seals; sealants for use in building and construction.

Bags; pouches; reusable shopping bags; bags for sports; rucksacks; travelling bags; handbags; wheeled shopping bags; net bags for shopping; purses; school bags; bags (envelopes, pouches) of leather for packaging; industrial packaging containers of leather; umbrellas; parasols; card cases; key cases (leatherware); vanity cases, not fitted.

Rigid pipes, not of metal (building); rubber building or construction materials; building materials made of linoleum for fixing to existing walls or floors; plastic building materials; synthetic building materials; asphalt, and asphalt building or construction materials; plaster for building purposes; lime building or construction materials; building or construction materials of plaster; rockslide retention nets of textiles [construction materials]; ceramic building materials, bricks and refractory products; cement and its products; building timber; building stone; building glass; antiseismic construction materials, not of metal; rubber bearings for seismic isolation of buildings; rubber building materials for seismic isolation; non-metallic building materials; rubber waterproof sheets for roof; rubber waterproof membranes materials for roof; rubber covered non-metal chains for preventing bridge collapse; non-metallic minerals for building or construction; materials of rubber for seismic isolation.

Clothes for sports; special footwear for sports; wind jackets; wristbands; golf shoes; golf spikes; spiked golf shoes; cyclist's suits of jerseys for racing; cyclist's pants for racing; cyclist's overalls; clothing; golf trousers; golf caps; golf shirts; golf pants; golf skirts; jackets; jogging pants; sweat pants; trousers; overcoats; raincoats; sweaters; sport shirts; camisoles; shirts; undershirts; underpants; thermal underwear; vests; opennecked shirts; polo shirts; neck scarves [mufflers]; socks; scarfs; gloves; gloves for bicycling; gloves for bicycle racing; gloves for cycling; neckerchieves; thermal supporters [clothing]; mufflers [clothing]; ear muffs; hats; caps being headwear; visors; sports shoes; walking shoes; shoes and boots [other than special footwear for sports]; footwear [other than special footwear for sports]; Japanese style coats [happi]; aprons.

Home video game machines; toys; dolls; miniature cars; four-wheeled toy vehicles; rubber balls; tricycles for infants; scale model vehicles; sports equipment; golf clubs; golf bags; golf balls; golf gloves; golf club heads; golf club head covers; golf irons; golf putters; golf equipment; sports bags shaped to contain specific sports apparatus; tennis rackets; tennis balls.

Retail services or wholesale services for automobiles, tires and parts and fittings for automobiles; retail services or wholesale services for sports goods; retail services or wholesale services for bicycles and parts and fittings for bicycles; business management and inventory management by tracking the usage history of vehicle tires, and providing information relating thereto; business management and administration of subscription services in which customers can receive various services such as rental, hire, leasing, replacement, repair, inspection, maintenance, monitoring and management of tires and vehicle parts, by periodic payment; information, advice and consultancy provided in relation to business management and administration of subscription services in which customers can receive various services such as rental, hire, leasing, replacement, repair, inspection, maintenance, monitoring and management of tires and vehicle parts, by periodic payment; administrative processing of purchase orders and inventory of tires; computerized database management in relation to tracking, locating and monitoring vehicles or tires; business management; business management services relating to commercial fleet management; business management services relating to vehicle performance management; business management services relating to workforce management; business information, advisory and consultancy services for digital transformation; business information, advisory and consultancy services relating to operation control, logistics management, transportation and distribution solutions, vehicle maintenance, and optimised driving costs; providing inventory tracking or information services relating to transportation and storge of tires using electronic tracking for business and inventory management purposes.

Repair and maintenance of automobiles and their parts, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; repair and maintenance of tires for automobiles, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; repair and maintenance of two-wheeled motor vehicles and their parts, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; repair and maintenance of tires for two-wheeled motor vehicles, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; repair and maintenance of bicycles and their parts, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; repair and maintenance of tires for bicycles, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; repair and maintenance of tires for aircraft, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; aircraft repair and maintenance, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; tire repair and recapping services, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; roofing services, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; construction, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; roof repair, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; roof installation and maintenance, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; installation, maintenance and repair of in-vehicle communication apparatus with telematics functions and navigation apparatus for vehicles [with telematics functions], including apparatus for transmitting vehicle data, messages and information, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; installation, maintenance and repair of in-vehicle communication apparatus with telematics functions for locating, preventing theft and tracking vehicles, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; installation, maintenance and repair of navigation apparatus for vehicles [with telematics functions] having functions for locating, preventing theft and tracking vehicles, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; inspection of tires and vehicles prior to maintenance and repair, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; providing information, advice and consultancy on tire pressure and tire temperature for maintenance of vehicle tires via telecommunication; providing information, advice and consultancy to consumers, tire dealers, car-sharing service providers, and fleet managers relating to tire retreading, tire repair and usage of tires, for tire maintenance; retreading of tires, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; consultancy, information and inspection services relating to repair and maintenance of tires and vehicles; inspection on tire deflection, and consultancy, providing information and advice relating thereto; inspection of tires and vehicles prior to maintenance and repair retreading of tires, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; maintenance, installation and replacement services provided in relation to tires and vehicle parts, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; rental of tires for mining machinery, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; repair, inspection, installation, replacement, maintenance of aircraft including tires and wheels for aircraft, and information, advice and consultancy services relating thereto.

Transport, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; providing transportation information, advice and consultancy by tracking, locating and monitoring of vehicles; navigation services for vehicles, ships and aircraft using global positioning systems [GPS], and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; providing information, advise and consultancy relating to traffic, road conditions and traffic jams; providing information, advice and consultancy relating to travel, journeys, traffic, roadwork and transportation; providing road traffic information, advice and consultancy; providing road traffic information, advice and consultancy based on traffic congestion and accident information obtained from running vehicles and alerts sent from running vehicles; transportation logistics and fleet management services in the nature of tracking, locating and monitoring fleet vehicles, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; rental of automobile tires and vehicle parts, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; rental of aircraft tires, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; rental of bicycle tires, and providing information, advice and consultancy relating thereto; advisory services relating to the storage of tires; collection of tires, rubber materials and other waste materials.

Recycling of waste materials; recycling of tires and rubber materials; sorting and disposal of tires, rubber materials and other waste materials; treatment of waste rubber; providing information relating to recycling of tires and rubber materials; consultancy relating to recycling of tires and rubber materials.

Consultancy in the field of computer software design; development and design of navigation systems and route planners; design of computer software and hardware; development and design of computer software for use with navigation systems and route planners and with electronic maps and digital dictionaries; development and design of telecommunications and data communications services and networks; software as a service [SaaS] featuring software for tracking and monitoring in the field of fleet management; design of software for compiling and recovering information on the location of vehicles, route reconstruction, driver activities; updating of computer software; design and development of databases on traffic and information relating to travel; product design; design, maintenance and development of computer software for use in relation to the replacement, repair, inspection, installation, monitoring, management, maintenance, leasing, ordering, purchase or hire purchase of tires, vehicle parts, vehicles and groups of vehicles; quality control services; inspection of the condition of tires, vehicle parts, vehicles and groups of vehicles for roadworthiness through monitoring and checking; technological analysis and consulting services related to the selection, condition, maintenance, retreading or replacement of vehicle tires; technological analysis and consulting services related to the selection, condition, maintenance or replacement of vehicle component parts, spare parts and accessories; platform as a service [PaaS] for managing information and data associated with tires, vehicle parts, vehicles and groups of vehicles; provision of technological reports and information in relation to tires, vehicle parts, vehicles and groups of vehicles; provision of technological notifications and technological reports concerning tires, vehicle parts, vehicles and groups of vehicles; technological consultancy in connection with telecommunication services; secure or non-secure electronic data storage; electronic storage of digital data, photographs, audio files, data, information and image signals for navigation systems, route planners and use of electronic maps; inspection services provided in relation to tires and vehicle parts; analysing technical data of vehicles or vehicle components, such as tires, brakes, batteries, engine oils or default signals; analysing technical data of bicycles or bicycle components, such as tires, brakes, batteries or default signals; providing analysing results of technical data in relation to vehicles or vehicle components, such as tires, brakes, batteries, engine oils or default signals; providing analysing results of technical data in relation to bicycles or bicycle components, such as tires, brakes, batteries or default signals; technological consultancy and advice in relation to vehicles or vehicle components, such as tires, brakes, batteries, engine oils or default signals, and providing information relating thereto; technological consultancy and advice in relation to bicycles or bicycle components, such as tires, brakes, batteries or default signals, and providing information relating thereto; providing information, consultancy and advice in relation to research and studies for the course of action to solve problems of vehicles or vehicle components, such as tires, brakes, batteries, engine oils or default signals; providing information, consultancy and advice in relation to research and studies for the course of action to solve problems of bicycles or bicycle components, such as tires, brakes, batteries or default signals; technological advice in relation to driving risk and safe driving of vehicles, and consultancy and providing information relating thereto; design services; designing of machines, apparatus, instruments [including their parts] or systems composed of such machines, apparatus and instruments; testing or research on machines, apparatus and instruments; computer software design, computer programming, or maintenance of computer software; providing computer programs on data networks; rental of computers; technological advice relating to computers, automobiles and industrial machines.

Recognition and incentives by way of awards to demonstrate excellence in education and training in the fields of general health and wellbeing, leadership development, business and personnel management, high performance coaching and life coaching; arranging and conducting incentive award programs to encourage the frequent, continued and effective education and training practice in the fields of general health and wellbeing, leadership development, business and personnel management, high performance coaching and life coaching; educational consultancy services in the fields of general health and wellbeing, leadership development, business and personnel management, high performance coaching and life coaching; education services, namely, providing course instruction at the university level; conducting distance learning instruction at the university level; providing training of counsellors and health professionals for certification in the fields of general health and wellbeing, leadership development, business and personnel management, high performance coaching and life coaching; educational research services; arranging and providing education, instruction, coaching, workshops, courses, and conferences in the fields of general health and wellbeing, leadership development, business and personnel management, high performance coaching and life coaching; providing on-line training courses, seminars, workshops in the field of healthy living practices; providing educational information and articles in the fields of general health and wellbeing, leadership development, business and personnel management, high performance coaching and life coaching; life coaching services (training or education services); educational services, namely, providing coaching, mentoring, training, courses and workshops in the fields of mental health and wellbeing, leadership development, business and personnel management, high performance coaching and life coaching; art exhibitions for cultural or educational purposes; preschools (education); providing information via online, video-based educational programs and curriculums in the fields of general health and wellbeing, leadership development, business and personnel management, high performance coaching and life coaching; publication of educational teaching materials; publication of educational texts; university education services; publication of magazines; providing online electronic publications, not downloadable; production of webcasts, other than advertising; production of podcasts; publishing of newsletters; online publication of electronic books and journals; publication of books; publication of periodicals; electronic games services provided by means of the internet; weblog (blog) services (online publication of journals or diaries); providing films, not downloadable, via video-on-demand services; educational and entertainment services in the nature of providing motivational keynote speaking; scriptwriting services; speech writing; magazine writing; educational book writing; archive library services; lifestyle counselling and consultancy (health and fitness training); online electronic publishing of books, journals, newsletters, pamphlets and brochures; producing of motion pictures, plays and videos; production of radio and television programmes; providing online videos, not downloadable; production of audio and video recordings, other than advertising.

Counselling in the field of mental health and wellness; provision of information relating to psychology; psychological counselling; psychological or psychiatric counselling; psychological testing for medical purposes; services of a psychologist; public health counselling; counselling services in the fields of general health and wellbeing, nutrition and lifestyle wellness; health risk assessment; mental health services; health care services in the field of nutrition and mental health.

Lifestyle counseling (personal mentoring and support services), namely providing spiritual and philosophical guidance in the field of maintaining a healthy lifestyle; online social networking services.

Education services, namely, training educators in the field of accessing consciousness, namely, self improvement and personal growth and providing training material in connection therewith; Education services, namely, training educators in the field of self awareness and personal wellness and providing training material in connection therewith; Education services, namely, training educators in the field of self improvement and providing training material in connection therewith; Educational services, namely, providing courses and seminars in the fields of self awareness and personal wellness; Educational services, namely, providing seminars in the fields of self awareness, personal wellness and accessing consciousness, namely, self-improvement and personal growth;